Commit Limiting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
special notations explained in the description, additional commit
limiting may be applied.

Using more options generally further limits the output (e.g.
`--since=<date1>` limits to commits newer than _<date1>_, and using it
with `--grep=<pattern>` further limits to commits whose log message
has a line that matches _<pattern>_), unless otherwise noted.

Note that these are applied before commit
ordering and formatting options, such as `--reverse`.

`-<number>`::
`-n <number>`::
`--max-count=<number>`::
	Limit the output to _<number>_ commits.

`--skip=<number>`::
	Skip _<number>_ commits before starting to show the commit output.

`--since=<date>`::
`--after=<date>`::
	Show commits more recent than _<date>_.

`--since-as-filter=<date>`::
	Show all commits more recent than _<date>_. This visits
	all commits in the range, rather than stopping at the first commit which
	is older than _<date>_.

`--until=<date>`::
`--before=<date>`::
	Show commits older than _<date>_.

ifdef::git-rev-list[]
`--max-age=<timestamp>`::
`--min-age=<timestamp>`::
	Limit the commits output to specified time range.
endif::git-rev-list[]

`--author=<pattern>`::
`--committer=<pattern>`::
	Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer
	header lines that match the _<pattern>_ regular
	expression.  With more than one `--author=<pattern>`,
	commits whose author matches any of the _<pattern>_ are
	chosen (similarly for multiple `--committer=<pattern>`).

`--grep-reflog=<pattern>`::
	Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that
	match the _<pattern>_ regular expression. With
	more than one `--grep-reflog`, commits whose reflog message
	matches any of the given patterns are chosen.  It is an
	error to use this option unless `--walk-reflogs` is in use.

`--grep=<pattern>`::
	Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that
	matches the _<pattern>_ regular expression.  With
	more than one `--grep=<pattern>`, commits whose message
	matches any of the _<pattern>_ are chosen (but see
	`--all-match`).
ifndef::git-rev-list[]
+
When `--notes` is in effect, the message from the notes is
matched as if it were part of the log message.
endif::git-rev-list[]

`--all-match`::
	Limit the commits output to ones that match all given `--grep`,
	instead of ones that match at least one.

`--invert-grep`::
	Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that do not
	match the _<pattern>_ specified with `--grep=<pattern>`.

`-i`::
`--regexp-ignore-case`::
	Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter
	case.

`--basic-regexp`::
	Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions;
	this is the default.

`-E`::
`--extended-regexp`::
	Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
	instead of the default basic regular expressions.

`-F`::
`--fixed-strings`::
	Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don't interpret
	pattern as a regular expression).

`-P`::
`--perl-regexp`::
	Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular
	expressions.
+
Support for these types of regular expressions is an optional
compile-time dependency. If Git wasn't compiled with support for them
providing this option will cause it to die.

`--remove-empty`::
	Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.

`--merges`::
	Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as `--min-parents=2`.

`--no-merges`::
	Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is
	exactly the same as `--max-parents=1`.

`--min-parents=<number>`::
`--max-parents=<number>`::
`--no-min-parents`::
`--no-max-parents`::
	Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent
	commits. In particular, `--max-parents=1` is the same as `--no-merges`,
	`--min-parents=2` is the same as `--merges`.  `--max-parents=0`
	gives all root commits and `--min-parents=3` all octopus merges.
+
`--no-min-parents` and `--no-max-parents` reset these limits (to no limit)
again.  Equivalent forms are `--min-parents=0` (any commit has 0 or more
parents) and `--max-parents=-1` (negative numbers denote no upper limit).

`--first-parent`::
	When finding commits to include, follow only the first
	parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.  This option
	can give a better overview when viewing the evolution of
	a particular topic branch, because merges into a topic
	branch tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream
	from time to time, and this option allows you to ignore
	the individual commits brought in to your history by such
	a merge.
ifdef::git-log[]
+
This option also changes default diff format for merge commits
to `first-parent`, see `--diff-merges=first-parent` for details.
endif::git-log[]

`--exclude-first-parent-only`::
	When finding commits to exclude (with a '{caret}'), follow only
	the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.
	This can be used to find the set of changes in a topic branch
	from the point where it diverged from the remote branch, given
	that arbitrary merges can be valid topic branch changes.

`--not`::
	Reverses the meaning of the '{caret}' prefix (or lack thereof)
	for all following revision specifiers, up to the next `--not`.
	When used on the command line before --stdin, the revisions passed
	through stdin will not be affected by it. Conversely, when passed
	via standard input, the revisions passed on the command line will
	not be affected by it.

`--all`::
	Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/`, along with `HEAD`, are
	listed on the command line as _<commit>_.

`--branches[=<pattern>]`::
	Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/heads` are listed
	on the command line as _<commit>_. If _<pattern>_ is given, limit
	branches to ones matching given shell glob. If _<pattern>_ lacks '?',
	'{asterisk}', or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied.

`--tags[=<pattern>]`::
	Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/tags` are listed
	on the command line as _<commit>_. If _<pattern>_ is given, limit
	tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}',
	or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied.

`--remotes[=<pattern>]`::
	Pretend as if all the refs in `refs/remotes` are listed
	on the command line as _<commit>_. If _<pattern>_ is given, limit
	remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob.
	If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}', or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied.

`--glob=<glob-pattern>`::
	Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob _<glob-pattern>_
	are listed on the command line as _<commit>_. Leading 'refs/',
	is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks '?', '{asterisk}',
	or '[', '/{asterisk}' at the end is implied.

`--exclude=<glob-pattern>`::

	Do not include refs matching _<glob-pattern>_ that the next `--all`,
	`--branches`, `--tags`, `--remotes`, or `--glob` would otherwise
	consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns
	up to the next `--all`, `--branches`, `--tags`, `--remotes`, or
	`--glob` option (other options or arguments do not clear
	accumulated patterns).
+
The patterns given should not begin with `refs/heads`, `refs/tags`, or
`refs/remotes` when applied to `--branches`, `--tags`, or `--remotes`,
respectively, and they must begin with `refs/` when applied to `--glob`
or `--all`. If a trailing '/{asterisk}' is intended, it must be given
explicitly.

`--exclude-hidden=(fetch|receive|uploadpack)`::
	Do not include refs that would be hidden by `git-fetch`,
	`git-receive-pack` or `git-upload-pack` by consulting the appropriate
	`fetch.hideRefs`, `receive.hideRefs` or `uploadpack.hideRefs`
	configuration along with `transfer.hideRefs` (see
	linkgit:git-config[1]). This option affects the next pseudo-ref option
	`--all` or `--glob` and is cleared after processing them.

`--reflog`::
	Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the
	command line as _<commit>_.

`--alternate-refs`::
	Pretend as if all objects mentioned as ref tips of alternate
	repositories were listed on the command line. An alternate
	repository is any repository whose object directory is specified
	in `objects/info/alternates`.  The set of included objects may
	be modified by `core.alternateRefsCommand`, etc. See
	linkgit:git-config[1].

`--single-worktree`::
	By default, all working trees will be examined by the
	following options when there are more than one (see
	linkgit:git-worktree[1]): `--all`, `--reflog` and
	`--indexed-objects`.
	This option forces them to examine the current working tree
	only.

`--ignore-missing`::
	Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if
	the bad input was not given.

ifndef::git-rev-list[]
`--bisect`::
	Pretend as if the bad bisection ref `refs/bisect/bad`
	was listed and as if it was followed by `--not` and the good
	bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` on the command
	line.
endif::git-rev-list[]

`--stdin`::
	In addition to getting arguments from the command line, read
	them from standard input as well. This accepts commits and
	pseudo-options like `--all` and `--glob=`. When a `--` separator
	is seen, the following input is treated as paths and used to
	limit the result. Flags like `--not` which are read via standard input
	are only respected for arguments passed in the same way and will not
	influence any subsequent command line arguments.

ifdef::git-rev-list[]
`--quiet`::
	Don't print anything to standard output.  This form
	is primarily meant to allow the caller to
	test the exit status to see if a range of objects is fully
	connected (or not).  It is faster than redirecting stdout
	to `/dev/null` as the output does not have to be formatted.

`--disk-usage`::
`--disk-usage=human`::
	Suppress normal output; instead, print the sum of the bytes used
	for on-disk storage by the selected commits or objects. This is
	equivalent to piping the output into `git cat-file
	--batch-check='%(objectsize:disk)'`, except that it runs much
	faster (especially with `--use-bitmap-index`). See the `CAVEATS`
	section in linkgit:git-cat-file[1] for the limitations of what
	"on-disk storage" means.
	With the optional value `human`, on-disk storage size is shown
	in human-readable string(e.g. 12.24 Kib, 3.50 Mib).
endif::git-rev-list[]

`--cherry-mark`::
	Like `--cherry-pick` (see below) but mark equivalent commits
	with `=` rather than omitting them, and inequivalent ones with `+`.

`--cherry-pick`::
	Omit any commit that introduces the same change as
	another commit on the ``other side'' when the set of
	commits are limited with symmetric difference.
+
For example, if you have two branches, `A` and `B`, a usual way
to list all commits on only one side of them is with
`--left-right` (see the example below in the description of
the `--left-right` option). However, it shows the commits that were
cherry-picked from the other branch (for example, ``3rd on b'' may be
cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are
excluded from the output.

`--left-only`::
`--right-only`::
	List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric difference,
	i.e. only those which would be marked `<` resp. `>` by
	`--left-right`.
+
For example, `--cherry-pick --right-only A...B` omits those
commits from `B` which are in `A` or are patch-equivalent to a commit in
`A`. In other words, this lists the `+` commits from `git cherry A B`.
More precisely, `--cherry-pick --right-only --no-merges` gives the exact
list.

`--cherry`::
	A synonym for `--right-only --cherry-mark --no-merges`; useful to
	limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that
	have been applied to the other side of a forked history with
	`git log --cherry upstream...mybranch`, similar to
	`git cherry upstream mybranch`.

`-g`::
`--walk-reflogs`::
	Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk
	reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
	When this option is used you cannot specify commits to
	exclude (that is, `^<commit>`, `<commit1>..<commit2>`,
	and `<commit1>...<commit2>` notations cannot be used).
+
With `--pretty` format other than `oneline` and `reference` (for obvious reasons),
this causes the output to have two extra lines of information
taken from the reflog.  The reflog designator in the output may be shown
as `ref@{<Nth>}` (where _<Nth>_ is the reverse-chronological index in the
reflog) or as `ref@{<timestamp>}` (with the _<timestamp>_ for that entry),
depending on a few rules:
+
--
1. If the starting point is specified as `ref@{<Nth>}`, show the index
   format.
+
2. If the starting point was specified as `ref@{now}`, show the
   timestamp format.
+
3. If neither was used, but `--date` was given on the command line, show
   the timestamp in the format requested by `--date`.
+
4. Otherwise, show the index format.
--
+
Under `--pretty=oneline`, the commit message is
prefixed with this information on the same line.
This option cannot be combined with `--reverse`.
See also linkgit:git-reflog[1].
+
Under `--pretty=reference`, this information will not be shown at all.

`--merge`::
	Show commits touching conflicted paths in the range `HEAD...<other>`,
	where `<other>` is the first existing pseudoref in `MERGE_HEAD`,
	`CHERRY_PICK_HEAD`, `REVERT_HEAD` or `REBASE_HEAD`. Only works
	when the index has unmerged entries. This option can be used to show
	relevant commits when resolving conflicts from a 3-way merge.

`--boundary`::
	Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are
	prefixed with `-`.

ifdef::git-rev-list[]
`--use-bitmap-index`::

	Try to speed up the traversal using the pack bitmap index (if
	one is available). Note that when traversing with `--objects`,
	trees and blobs will not have their associated path printed.

`--progress=<header>`::
	Show progress reports on stderr as objects are considered. The
	`<header>` text will be printed with each progress update.

`-z`::
	Instead of being newline-delimited, each outputted object and its
	accompanying metadata is delimited using NUL bytes. Output is printed
	in the following form:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
<OID> NUL [<token>=<value> NUL]...
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
Additional object metadata, such as object paths or boundary objects, is
printed using the `<token>=<value>` form. Token values are printed as-is
without any encoding/truncation. An OID entry never contains a '=' character
and thus is used to signal the start of a new object record. Examples:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
<OID> NUL
<OID> NUL path=<path> NUL
<OID> NUL boundary=yes NUL
<OID> NUL missing=yes NUL [<token>=<value> NUL]...
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
This mode is only compatible with the `--objects`, `--boundary`, and
`--missing` output options.
endif::git-rev-list[]

History Simplification
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example the
commits modifying a particular <path>. But there are two parts of
'History Simplification', one part is selecting the commits and the other
is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history.

The following options select the commits to be shown:

`<paths>`::
	Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected.

`--simplify-by-decoration`::
	Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.

Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.

The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:

`Default mode`::
	Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the
	final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side
	branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches
	with the same content)

`--show-pulls`::
	Include all commits from the default mode, but also any merge
	commits that are not TREESAME to the first parent but are
	TREESAME to a later parent. This mode is helpful for showing
	the merge commits that "first introduced" a change to a branch.

`--full-history`::
	Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history.

`--dense`::
	Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a
	meaningful history.

`--sparse`::
	All commits in the simplified history are shown.

`--simplify-merges`::
	Additional option to `--full-history` to remove some needless
	merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected
	commits contributing to this merge.

`--ancestry-path[=<commit>]`::
	When given a range of commits to display (e.g. `<commit1>..<commit2>`
	or `<commit2> ^<commit1>`), and a commit _<commit>_ in that range,
	only display commits in that range
	that are ancestors of _<commit>_, descendants of _<commit>_, or
	_<commit>_ itself.  If no commit is specified, use _<commit1>_ (the
	excluded part of the range) as _<commit>_.  Can be passed multiple
	times; if so, a commit is included if it is any of the commits
	given or if it is an ancestor or descendant of one of them.

A more detailed explanation follows.

Suppose you specified `foo` as the _<paths>_.  We shall call commits
that modify `foo` !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME.  (In a diff
filtered for `foo`, they look different and equal, respectively.)

In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to
illustrate the differences between simplification settings.  We assume
that you are filtering for a file `foo` in this commit graph:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	  .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
	 /     /   /   /   /   /
	I     B   C   D   E   Y
	 \   /   /   /   /   /
	  `-------------'   X
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

The horizontal line of history A---Q is taken to be the first parent of
each merge.  The commits are:

* `I` is the initial commit, in which `foo` exists with contents
  `asdf`, and a file `quux` exists with contents `quux`. Initial
  commits are compared to an empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME.

* In `A`, `foo` contains just `foo`.

* `B` contains the same change as `A`.  Its merge `M` is trivial and
  hence TREESAME to all parents.

* `C` does not change `foo`, but its merge `N` changes it to `foobar`,
  so it is not TREESAME to any parent.

* `D` sets `foo` to `baz`. Its merge `O` combines the strings from
  `N` and `D` to `foobarbaz`; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.

* `E` changes `quux` to `xyzzy`, and its merge `P` combines the
  strings to `quux xyzzy`. `P` is TREESAME to `O`, but not to `E`.

* `X` is an independent root commit that added a new file `side`, and `Y`
  modified it. `Y` is TREESAME to `X`. Its merge `Q` added `side` to `P`, and
  `Q` is TREESAME to `P`, but not to `Y`.

`rev-list` walks backwards through history, including or excluding
commits based on whether `--full-history` and/or parent rewriting
(via `--parents` or `--children`) are used. The following settings
are available.

Default mode::
	Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent
	(though this can be changed, see `--sparse` below).  If the
	commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow
	only that parent.  (Even if there are several TREESAME
	parents, follow only one of them.)  Otherwise, follow all
	parents.
+
This results in:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	  .-A---N---O
	 /     /   /
	I---------D
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is
available, removed `B` from consideration entirely.  `C` was
considered via `N`, but is TREESAME.  Root commits are compared to an
empty tree, so `I` is !TREESAME.
+
Parent/child relations are only visible with `--parents`, but that does
not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the
parent lines.

`--full-history` without parent rewriting::
	This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow
	all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them.
	Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are
	included, this does not imply that the merge itself is!  In
	the example, we get
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	I  A  B  N  D  O  P  Q
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
`M` was excluded because it is TREESAME to both parents.  `E`,
`C` and `B` were all walked, but only `B` was !TREESAME, so the others
do not appear.
+
Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to talk
about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show
them disconnected.

`--full-history` with parent rewriting::
	Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME
	(though this can be changed, see `--sparse` below).
+
Merges are always included.  However, their parent list is rewritten:
Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included
themselves.  This results in
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	  .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
	 /     /   /   /   /
	I     B   /   D   /
	 \   /   /   /   /
	  `-------------'
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
Compare to `--full-history` without rewriting above.  Note that `E`
was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
rewritten to contain `E`'s parent `I`.  The same happened for `C` and
`N`, and `X`, `Y` and `Q`.

In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME
affects inclusion:

`--dense`::
	Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME
	to any parent.

`--sparse`::
	All commits that are walked are included.
+
Note that without `--full-history`, this still simplifies merges: if
one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other
sides of the merge are never walked.

`--simplify-merges`::
	First, build a history graph in the same way that
	`--full-history` with parent rewriting does (see above).
+
Then simplify each commit `C` to its replacement `C'` in the final
history according to the following rules:
+
--
* Set `C'` to `C`.
+
* Replace each parent `P` of `C'` with its simplification `P'`.  In
  the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents or that are
  root commits TREESAME to an empty tree, and remove duplicates, but take care
  to never drop all parents that we are TREESAME to.
+
* If after this parent rewriting, `C'` is a root or merge commit (has
  zero or >1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it remains.
  Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent.
--
+
The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to
`--full-history` with parent rewriting.  The example turns into:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	  .-A---M---N---O
	 /     /       /
	I     B       D
	 \   /       /
	  `---------'
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
Note the major differences in `N`, `P`, and `Q` over `--full-history`:
+
--
* `N`'s parent list had `I` removed, because it is an ancestor of the
  other parent `M`.  Still, `N` remained because it is !TREESAME.
+
* `P`'s parent list similarly had `I` removed.  `P` was then
  removed completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME.
+
* `Q`'s parent list had `Y` simplified to `X`. `X` was then removed, because it
  was a TREESAME root. `Q` was then removed completely, because it had one
  parent and is TREESAME.
--

There is another simplification mode available:

`--ancestry-path[=<commit>]`::
	Limit the displayed commits to those which are an ancestor of
	_<commit>_, or which are a descendant of _<commit>_, or are _<commit>_
	itself.
+
As an example use case, consider the following commit history:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	    D---E-------F
	   /     \       \
	  B---C---G---H---I---J
	 /                     \
	A-------K---------------L--M
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
A regular 'D..M' computes the set of commits that are ancestors of `M`,
but excludes the ones that are ancestors of `D`. This is useful to see
what happened to the history leading to `M` since `D`, in the sense
that "what does `M` have that did not exist in `D`". The result in this
example would be all the commits, except `A` and `B` (and `D` itself,
of course).
+
When we want to find out what commits in `M` are contaminated with the
bug introduced by `D` and need fixing, however, we might want to view
only the subset of `D..M` that are actually descendants of `D`, i.e.
excluding `C` and `K`. This is exactly what the `--ancestry-path`
option does. Applied to the `D..M` range, it results in:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
		E-------F
		 \       \
		  G---H---I---J
			       \
				L--M
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
We can also use `--ancestry-path=D` instead of `--ancestry-path` which
means the same thing when applied to the `D..M` range but is just more
explicit.
+
If we instead are interested in a given topic within this range, and all
commits affected by that topic, we may only want to view the subset of
`D..M` which contain that topic in their ancestry path.  So, using
`--ancestry-path=H D..M` for example would result in:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
		E
		 \
	      C---G---H---I---J
			       \
				L--M
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
Whereas `--ancestry-path=K D..M` would result in
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
		K---------------L--M
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Before discussing another option, `--show-pulls`, we need to
create a new example history.

A common problem users face when looking at simplified history is that a
commit they know changed a file somehow does not appear in the file's
simplified history. Let's demonstrate a new example and show how options
such as `--full-history` and `--simplify-merges` works in that case:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	  .-A---M-----C--N---O---P
	 /     / \  \  \/   /   /
	I     B   \  R-'`-Z'   /
	 \   /     \/         /
	  \ /      /\        /
	   `---X--'  `---Y--'
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

For this example, suppose `I` created `file.txt` which was modified by
`A`, `B`, and `X` in different ways. The single-parent commits `C`, `Z`,
and `Y` do not change `file.txt`. The merge commit `M` was created by
resolving the merge conflict to include both changes from `A` and `B`
and hence is not TREESAME to either. The merge commit `R`, however, was
created by ignoring the contents of `file.txt` at `M` and taking only
the contents of `file.txt` at `X`. Hence, `R` is TREESAME to `X` but not
`M`. Finally, the natural merge resolution to create `N` is to take the
contents of `file.txt` at `R`, so `N` is TREESAME to `R` but not `C`.
The merge commits `O` and `P` are TREESAME to their first parents, but
not to their second parents, `Z` and `Y` respectively.

When using the default mode, `N` and `R` both have a TREESAME parent, so
those edges are walked and the others are ignored. The resulting history
graph is:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	I---X
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

When using `--full-history`, Git walks every edge. This will discover
the commits `A` and `B` and the merge `M`, but also will reveal the
merge commits `O` and `P`. With parent rewriting, the resulting graph is:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	  .-A---M--------N---O---P
	 /     / \  \  \/   /   /
	I     B   \  R-'`--'   /
	 \   /     \/         /
	  \ /      /\        /
	   `---X--'  `------'
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Here, the merge commits `O` and `P` contribute extra noise, as they did
not actually contribute a change to `file.txt`. They only merged a topic
that was based on an older version of `file.txt`. This is a common
issue in repositories using a workflow where many contributors work in
parallel and merge their topic branches along a single trunk: many
unrelated merges appear in the `--full-history` results.

When using the `--simplify-merges` option, the commits `O` and `P`
disappear from the results. This is because the rewritten second parents
of `O` and `P` are reachable from their first parents. Those edges are
removed and then the commits look like single-parent commits that are
TREESAME to their parent. This also happens to the commit `N`, resulting
in a history view as follows:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	  .-A---M--.
	 /     /    \
	I     B      R
	 \   /      /
	  \ /      /
	   `---X--'
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

In this view, we see all of the important single-parent changes from
`A`, `B`, and `X`. We also see the carefully-resolved merge `M` and the
not-so-carefully-resolved merge `R`. This is usually enough information
to determine why the commits `A` and `B` "disappeared" from history in
the default view. However, there are a few issues with this approach.

The first issue is performance. Unlike any previous option, the
`--simplify-merges` option requires walking the entire commit history
before returning a single result. This can make the option difficult to
use for very large repositories.

The second issue is one of auditing. When many contributors are working
on the same repository, it is important which merge commits introduced
a change into an important branch. The problematic merge `R` above is
not likely to be the merge commit that was used to merge into an
important branch. Instead, the merge `N` was used to merge `R` and `X`
into the important branch. This commit may have information about why
the change `X` came to override the changes from `A` and `B` in its
commit message.

`--show-pulls`::
	In addition to the commits shown in the default history, show
	each merge commit that is not TREESAME to its first parent but
	is TREESAME to a later parent.
+
When a merge commit is included by `--show-pulls`, the merge is
treated as if it "pulled" the change from another branch. When using
`--show-pulls` on this example (and no other options) the resulting
graph is:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	I---X---R---N
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
Here, the merge commits `R` and `N` are included because they pulled
the commits `X` and `R` into the base branch, respectively. These
merges are the reason the commits `A` and `B` do not appear in the
default history.
+
When `--show-pulls` is paired with `--simplify-merges`, the
graph includes all of the necessary information:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	  .-A---M--.   N
	 /     /    \ /
	I     B      R
	 \   /      /
	  \ /      /
	   `---X--'
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
Notice that since `M` is reachable from `R`, the edge from `N` to `M`
was simplified away. However, `N` still appears in the history as an
important commit because it "pulled" the change `R` into the main
branch.

The `--simplify-by-decoration` option allows you to view only the
big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits
that are not referenced by tags.  Commits are marked as !TREESAME
(in other words, kept after history simplification rules described
above) if (1) they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the
contents of the paths given on the command line.  All other
commits are marked as TREESAME (subject to be simplified away).

ifndef::git-shortlog[]
ifdef::git-rev-list[]
Bisection Helpers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

`--bisect`::
	Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between
	included and excluded commits. Note that the bad bisection ref
	`refs/bisect/bad` is added to the included commits (if it
	exists) and the good bisection refs `refs/bisect/good-*` are
	added to the excluded commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there
	are no refs in `refs/bisect/`, if
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	$ git rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
outputs 'midpoint', the output of the two commands
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	$ git rev-list foo ^midpoint
	$ git rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
would be of roughly the same length.  Finding the change which
introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search: repeatedly
generate and test new 'midpoint's until the commit chain is of length
one.

`--bisect-vars`::
	This calculates the same as `--bisect`, except that refs in
	`refs/bisect/` are not used, and except that this outputs
	text ready to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the
	name of the midpoint revision to the variable `bisect_rev`, and the
	expected number of commits to be tested after `bisect_rev` is tested
	to `bisect_nr`, the expected number of commits to be tested if
	`bisect_rev` turns out to be good to `bisect_good`, the expected
	number of commits to be tested if `bisect_rev` turns out to be bad to
	`bisect_bad`, and the number of commits we are bisecting right now to
	`bisect_all`.

`--bisect-all`::
	This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded
	commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded
	commits. Refs in `refs/bisect/` are not used. The farthest
	from them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by
	`--bisect`.)
+
This is useful because it makes it easy to choose a good commit to
test when you want to avoid to test some of them for some reason (they
may not compile for example).
+
This option can be used along with `--bisect-vars`, in this case,
after all the sorted commit objects, there will be the same text as if
`--bisect-vars` had been used alone.
endif::git-rev-list[]
endif::git-shortlog[]

ifndef::git-shortlog[]
Commit Ordering
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.

`--date-order`::
	Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but
	otherwise show commits in the commit timestamp order.

`--author-date-order`::
	Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but
	otherwise show commits in the author timestamp order.

`--topo-order`::
	Show no parents before all of its children are shown, and
	avoid showing commits on multiple lines of history
	intermixed.
+
For example, in a commit history like this:
+
----------------------------------------------------------------

    ---1----2----4----7
	\	       \
	 3----5----6----8---

----------------------------------------------------------------
+
where the numbers denote the order of commit timestamps, `git
rev-list` and friends with `--date-order` show the commits in the
timestamp order: 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.
+
With `--topo-order`, they would show 8 6 5 3 7 4 2 1 (or 8 7 4 2 6 5
3 1); some older commits are shown before newer ones in order to
avoid showing the commits from two parallel development track mixed
together.

`--reverse`::
	Output the commits chosen to be shown (see 'Commit Limiting'
	section above) in reverse order. Cannot be combined with
	`--walk-reflogs`.
endif::git-shortlog[]

ifndef::git-shortlog[]
Object Traversal
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

These options are mostly targeted for packing of Git repositories.

ifdef::git-rev-list[]
`--objects`::
	Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed
	commits.  `--objects foo ^bar` thus means "send me
	all object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit
	object `bar` but not `foo`". See also `--object-names` below.

`--in-commit-order`::
	Print tree and blob ids in order of the commits. The tree
	and blob ids are printed after they are first referenced
	by a commit.

`--objects-edge`::
	Similar to `--objects`, but also print the IDs of excluded
	commits prefixed with a "`-`" character.  This is used by
	linkgit:git-pack-objects[1] to build a ``thin'' pack, which records
	objects in deltified form based on objects contained in these
	excluded commits to reduce network traffic.

`--objects-edge-aggressive`::
	Similar to `--objects-edge`, but it tries harder to find excluded
	commits at the cost of increased time.  This is used instead of
	`--objects-edge` to build ``thin'' packs for shallow repositories.

`--indexed-objects`::
	Pretend as if all trees and blobs used by the index are listed
	on the command line.  Note that you probably want to use
	`--objects`, too.

`--unpacked`::
	Only useful with `--objects`; print the object IDs that are not
	in packs.

`--object-names`::
	Only useful with `--objects`; print the names of the object IDs
	that are found. This is the default behavior. Note that the
	"name" of each object is ambiguous, and mostly intended as a
	hint for packing objects. In particular: no distinction is made between
	the names of tags, trees, and blobs; path names may be modified
	to remove newlines; and if an object would appear multiple times
	with different names, only one name is shown.

`--no-object-names`::
	Only useful with `--objects`; does not print the names of the object
	IDs that are found. This inverts `--object-names`. This flag allows
	the output to be more easily parsed by commands such as
	linkgit:git-cat-file[1].

`--filter=<filter-spec>`::
	Only useful with one of the `--objects*`; omits objects (usually
	blobs) from the list of printed objects.  The _<filter-spec>_
	may be one of the following:
+
The form `--filter=blob:none` omits all blobs.
+
The form `--filter=blob:limit=<n>[kmg]` omits blobs of size at least _<n>_
bytes or units.  _<n>_ may be zero.  The suffixes `k`, `m`, and `g` can be used
to name units in KiB, MiB, or GiB.  For example, `blob:limit=1k`
is the same as 'blob:limit=1024'.
+
The form `--filter=object:type=(tag|commit|tree|blob)` omits all objects
which are not of the requested type. Note that explicitly provided objects
ignore filters and are always printed unless `--filter-provided-objects` is
also specified.
+
The form `--filter=sparse:oid=<blob-ish>` uses a sparse-checkout
specification contained in the blob (or blob-expression) _<blob-ish>_
to omit blobs that would not be required for a sparse checkout on
the requested refs.
+
The form `--filter=tree:<depth>` omits all blobs and trees whose depth
from the root tree is >= _<depth>_ (minimum depth if an object is located
at multiple depths in the commits traversed). _<depth>_=0 will not include
any trees or blobs unless included explicitly in the command-line (or
standard input when `--stdin` is used). _<depth>_=1 will include only the
tree and blobs which are referenced directly by a commit reachable from
_<commit>_ or an explicitly-given object. _<depth>_=2 is like <depth>=1
while also including trees and blobs one more level removed from an
explicitly-given commit or tree.
+
Note that the form `--filter=sparse:path=<path>` that wants to read
from an arbitrary path on the filesystem has been dropped for security
reasons.
+
Multiple `--filter=` flags can be specified to combine filters. Only
objects which are accepted by every filter are included.
+
The form `--filter=combine:<filter1>+<filter2>+...<filterN>` can also be
used to combined several filters, but this is harder than just repeating
the `--filter` flag and is usually not necessary. Filters are joined by
'{plus}' and individual filters are %-encoded (i.e. URL-encoded).
Besides the '{plus}' and '%' characters, the following characters are
reserved and also must be encoded: `~!@#$^&*()[]{}\;",<>?`+&#39;&#96;+
as well as all characters with ASCII code &lt;= `0x20`, which includes
space and newline.
+
Other arbitrary characters can also be encoded. For instance,
`combine:tree:3+blob:none` and `combine:tree%3A3+blob%3Anone` are
equivalent.

`--no-filter`::
	Turn off any previous `--filter=` argument.

`--filter-provided-objects`::
	Filter the list of explicitly provided objects, which would otherwise
	always be printed even if they did not match any of the filters. Only
	useful with `--filter=`.

`--filter-print-omitted`::
	Only useful with `--filter=`; prints a list of the objects omitted
	by the filter.  Object IDs are prefixed with a ``~'' character.

`--missing=<missing-action>`::
	A debug option to help with future "partial clone" development.
	This option specifies how missing objects are handled.
+
The form `--missing=error` requests that rev-list stop with an error if
a missing object is encountered.  This is the default action.
+
The form `--missing=allow-any` will allow object traversal to continue
if a missing object is encountered.  Missing objects will silently be
omitted from the results.
+
The form `--missing=allow-promisor` is like `allow-any`, but will only
allow object traversal to continue for EXPECTED promisor missing objects.
Unexpected missing objects will raise an error.
+
The form `--missing=print` is like `allow-any`, but will also print a
list of the missing objects.  Object IDs are prefixed with a ``?'' character.
+
The form `--missing=print-info` is like `print`, but will also print additional
information about the missing object inferred from its containing object. The
information is all printed on the same line with the missing object ID in the
form: `?<oid> [<token>=<value>]...`. The `<token>=<value>` pairs containing
additional information are separated from each other by a _SP_. The value is
encoded in a token specific fashion, but _SP_ or _LF_ contained in value are always
expected to be represented in such a way that the resulting encoded value does
not have either of these two problematic bytes. Each `<token>=<value>` may be
one of the following:
+
--
* The `path=<path>` shows the path of the missing object inferred from a
  containing object. A path containing _SP_ or special characters is enclosed in
  double-quotes in the C style as needed.
+
* The `type=<type>` shows the type of the missing object inferred from a
  containing object.
--
+
If some tips passed to the traversal are missing, they will be
considered as missing too, and the traversal will ignore them. In case
we cannot get their Object ID though, an error will be raised.

`--exclude-promisor-objects`::
	(For internal use only.)  Prefilter object traversal at
	promisor boundary.  This is used with partial clone.  This is
	stronger than `--missing=allow-promisor` because it limits the
	traversal, rather than just silencing errors about missing
	objects.
endif::git-rev-list[]

`--no-walk[=(sorted|unsorted)]`::
	Only show the given commits, but do not traverse their ancestors.
	This has no effect if a range is specified. If the argument
	`unsorted` is given, the commits are shown in the order they were
	given on the command line. Otherwise (if `sorted` or no argument
	was given), the commits are shown in reverse chronological order
	by commit time.
	Cannot be combined with `--graph`.

`--do-walk`::
	Overrides a previous `--no-walk`.
endif::git-shortlog[]

ifndef::git-shortlog,git-replay[]
Commit Formatting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ifdef::git-rev-list[]
Using these options, linkgit:git-rev-list[1] will act similar to the
more specialized family of commit log tools:
ifndef::with-breaking-changes[]
linkgit:git-log[1], linkgit:git-show[1], and linkgit:git-whatchanged[1].
endif::with-breaking-changes[]
ifdef::with-breaking-changes[]
linkgit:git-log[1] and linkgit:git-show[1].
endif::with-breaking-changes[]
endif::git-rev-list[]

include::pretty-options.adoc[]

`--relative-date`::
	Synonym for `--date=relative`.

`--date=<format>`::
	Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such
	as when using `--pretty`. `log.date` config variable sets a default
	value for the log command's `--date` option. By default, dates
	are shown in the original time zone (either committer's or
	author's). If `-local` is appended to the format (e.g.,
	`iso-local`), the user's local time zone is used instead.
+
--
`--date=relative` shows dates relative to the current time,
e.g. ``2 hours ago''. The `-local` option has no effect for
`--date=relative`.

`--date=local` is an alias for `--date=default-local`.

`--date=iso` (or `--date=iso8601`) shows timestamps in a ISO 8601-like format.
The differences to the strict ISO 8601 format are:

	- a space instead of the `T` date/time delimiter
	- a space between time and time zone
	- no colon between hours and minutes of the time zone

`--date=iso-strict` (or `--date=iso8601-strict`) shows timestamps in strict
ISO 8601 format.

`--date=rfc` (or `--date=rfc2822`) shows timestamps in RFC 2822
format, often found in email messages.

`--date=short` shows only the date, but not the time, in `YYYY-MM-DD` format.

`--date=raw` shows the date as seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01
00:00:00 UTC), followed by a space, and then the timezone as an offset
from UTC (a `+` or `-` with four digits; the first two are hours, and
the second two are minutes). I.e., as if the timestamp were formatted
with `strftime("%s %z")`).
Note that the `-local` option does not affect the seconds-since-epoch
value (which is always measured in UTC), but does switch the accompanying
timezone value.

`--date=human` shows the timezone if the timezone does not match the
current time-zone, and doesn't print the whole date if that matches
(ie skip printing year for dates that are "this year", but also skip
the whole date itself if it's in the last few days and we can just say
what weekday it was).  For older dates the hour and minute is also
omitted.

`--date=unix` shows the date as a Unix epoch timestamp (seconds since
1970).  As with `--raw`, this is always in UTC and therefore `-local`
has no effect.

`--date=format:<format>` feeds the _<format>_ to your system `strftime`,
except for `%s`, `%z`, and `%Z`, which are handled internally.
Use `--date=format:%c` to show the date in your system locale's
preferred format.  See the `strftime`(3) manual for a complete list of
format placeholders. When using `-local`, the correct syntax is
`--date=format-local:<format>`.

`--date=default` is the default format, and is based on ctime(3)
output.  It shows a single line with three-letter day of the week,
three-letter month, day-of-month, hour-minute-seconds in "HH:MM:SS"
format, followed by 4-digit year, plus timezone information, unless
the local time zone is used, e.g. `Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 +0000`.
--

ifdef::git-rev-list[]
`--header`::
	Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is
	separated with a NUL character.

`--no-commit-header`::
	Suppress the header line containing "commit" and the object ID printed before
	the specified format.  This has no effect on the built-in formats; only custom
	formats are affected.

`--commit-header`::
	Overrides a previous `--no-commit-header`.
endif::git-rev-list[]

`--parents`::
	Print also the parents of the commit (in the form "commit parent...").
	Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' above.

`--children`::
	Print also the children of the commit (in the form "commit child...").
	Also enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' above.

ifdef::git-rev-list[]
`--timestamp`::
	Print the raw commit timestamp.
endif::git-rev-list[]

`--left-right`::
	Mark which side of a symmetric difference a commit is reachable from.
	Commits from the left side are prefixed with `<` and those from
	the right with `>`.  If combined with `--boundary`, those
	commits are prefixed with `-`.
+
For example, if you have this topology:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	     y---b---b  branch B
	    / \ /
	   /   .
	  /   / \
	 o---x---a---a  branch A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
you would get an output like this:
+
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
	$ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B

	>bbbbbbb... 3rd on b
	>bbbbbbb... 2nd on b
	<aaaaaaa... 3rd on a
	<aaaaaaa... 2nd on a
	-yyyyyyy... 1st on b
	-xxxxxxx... 1st on a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

`--graph`::
	Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history
	on the left hand side of the output.  This may cause extra lines
	to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history
	to be drawn properly.
	Cannot be combined with `--no-walk`.
+
This enables parent rewriting, see 'History Simplification' above.
+
This implies the `--topo-order` option by default, but the
`--date-order` option may also be specified.

`--show-linear-break[=<barrier>]`::
	When `--graph` is not used, all history branches are flattened
	which can make it hard to see that the two consecutive commits
	do not belong to a linear branch. This option puts a barrier
	in between them in that case. If _<barrier>_ is specified, it
	is the string that will be shown instead of the default one.

ifdef::git-rev-list[]
`--count`::
	Print a number stating how many commits would have been
	listed, and suppress all other output.  When used together
	with `--left-right`, instead print the counts for left and
	right commits, separated by a tab. When used together with
	`--cherry-mark`, omit patch equivalent commits from these
	counts and print the count for equivalent commits separated
	by a tab.
endif::git-rev-list[]
endif::git-shortlog,git-replay[]
